Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) _______ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are given. 19 - Foner, Eric. endobj of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. target; sourcec. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. a. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information. The key to the solution is to overcome functional fixedness. The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. Cassandra is using what approach to solve her problem? The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. She decides to use the breaks in between her classes to read and take notes from 15 pages at a time to make the task seem more manageable. d. dependent on how much money the responder was offered. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, this represents, Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify clear ________ for the problems. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make " warmth " judgments ever 15 seconds to indicate how close the felt they were to a solution . Jonas's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of, 8. The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustratea. c. buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip. Experts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. Metcalfe & Wiebe gave participants problems to solve & asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. By doing this, Dr. Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. /Type /Font Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. 34. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? 16 0 obj the sudden realization of a problem's solution. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. d. well- and ill-defined problems. When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? The purpose of the experiment was to demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. << /Encoding 16 0 R Metcalfe & Wiebe (1987) had participants solve insight and noninsight problems, and make "warmth" ratings (from 1 to 7) every 15 seconds as they were working on the problems participants gave a warmer rating (closer to 7) when they felt like they were getting; a cooler rating (closer to 1) when they felt like they were far from a . One stop for all your course learning material, explainations, examples and practice questions. With th, The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects, is an example ofa. >> The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the, Mia has lived in New York City all her life. This problem demonstrates mental set, which is a preconceived notion about how to approach a problem, all the possible states before a problem is solved, how people represent a problem in their mind, solving a problem involves reorganization or restructuring. a. candle can be cut in half.d. a. representation and restructuring. Introducing Cram Folders! >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 610 789 ] an initial stateb. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as -intermediate states -subgoals -operators -mental sets. When a tsunami happens, and an oceanic and continental plate collide, which plate is pushed underneath? Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. /Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis/multiply She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her, Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?a. b. noticing, mapping, and applying. History 1301-Ch. 1. Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?a. The sudden realization of a problem's solution. b/t how people solve insight & non-insight problems of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. how to d. What information a person is attending to while solving a problem. Gestalt psychologi, Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. How can knowledge of human relations help in the work place. present one sample design throughout the task.d. structural features.c. The radiation problem, In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ____ state.a. Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the________ decision of, a. irrational; accepting any offer, b. irrational; accepting only higher offers, c. rational; accepting any offer, d. rational; accepting only high offers, In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, PFC activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The argument is strong because the premise includes nothing new. tan\tantan(-u) = _____. This particular discussion suggests that____ may be more important than ____ in creative thinking. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection. Divergent thinking is most closely associated with ____ problems.a. b. are influenced by the atmosphere effect. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. d. tendency to detect when others are cheating. Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. /.notdef/.notdef/quotesinglbase/quotedblbase/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef d. It has a single correct answer. Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? Greg's friend, Matt, didn't believe his story because Matt knew that tuna are salt-water fish and aren't found in ponds. Arrange acrobats in order of ascending size from left to rightb. >> She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. /Subtype /Type1 the candle is already lit. d. object with a specific function. Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem. How will Janet retrieve the book? 38. /Encoding 16 0 R How re-representing a problem can lead to a solution. >> endobj Metcalfe & Wiebe gave participants problems to solve & asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving. >> b. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. analogical encoding.b. people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but proceed more methodically t. The way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving. . versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. >> ill-defined; Gestaltb. restructuring.b. creating operators.d. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to, The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as, The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving. To learn more about insight and non-insight problems here, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Developing schemas for each i, Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem.a. Some were measures of a kind of interpretive problem called "divergent thinking," or the capacity to concoct many responses to a problem. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. exemplar; source. a. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome. Curious is studying the effect of _____, In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem has higher difficulty than the _____ problem.a. endobj psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem bc: ill-defined problems are so named bc it is difficult to specify ______ for the problems. >> /Name /F5 Add to folder The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving.a. does have a clear identifiable solution. 14 0 obj Insight refers toa. Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ______ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ______ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. the purpose of the exp. Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. calfe & Wiebe, 1987). The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determinea. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. Seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. Therefore, the two problems have very differenta. If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. >> This is an example of. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. a.the solution is immediately obvious. -Without lifting your pencil from the paper, draw exactly four straight, connected lines that will go through all nine dots, but through each dot only once, Problem - insight problem solvers are not aware of how close they. gradually rise; rise suddenly justc. The purpose of this experiment was to, Ann takes the street to the south when heading southbound to work, but that street is closed for repairs. unknotted, Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?a. 21 0 obj endobj a single correct answerd. If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. c. It is the cornerstone of creativity. The students were very creative. 6 0 obj The purpose of this experiment was to a. demonstrate a difference between how people experience solving insight and non-insight problems. target, Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Kaplan & simon's exp., presented diff. /onesuperior/grave/acute/circumflex/tilde/macron/breve/dotaccent c. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing. /Type /Font /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 Intermediate states can be created bya. operators.d. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Novel objects before a function was described. Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987)gave participants problems that required insightful solutions and problems that could be answered using incremental problem-solving techniques.While attempting to solve problems,they asked the participants to report if they felt they were getting closer to the answer,using a hot-cold scale.Reports that they were getting "warm" predicted the ability to solve: The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between. c. structural features. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time. the need to overcome a difficult obstacle with no obvious solution available. /Pages 2 0 R realization of the solution is sudden. Greg's account contains. To test this hypothesis, Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants insight problems, like the ones in the demonstration below, and noninsight problems and had them make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds, as they were working on the problems. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. She takes the street to the north. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection, b. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify, c. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another, d. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem, The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Someone who has devoted much time to learning about a particular field, ___ categorize problems by surface features, Divergent thinking can be associated with ill-defined problems which ________ can be associated with well-defined problems, ___________ occurs when a sample design inhibits creative thinking, Ideas that precede the creation of a finished creative produce are called__________. This is an example of an, 18. /XObject 19 0 R endobj /Type /Font Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves: In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Gentner and Goldinmeadow (2003) illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to _______ features that _______ their ability to solve other problems. Please select the correct language below. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. /Encoding 16 0 R Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. /Encoding 16 0 R noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection. b. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. The authors argued that the difference between concomitant phenomenological insight and incremental problem solving can be used to define insight. c. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. analogyd. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. take a more effective approach to a problem, Take a more effective approach to a problem, In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. /Type /Font a. how similar the objects in the problem are. The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences betweena. <> /Encoding 16 0 R Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using, Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. In analogical problem solving, the_____ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. a person is attending to while solving a problem. This research is an example of ____ research.a. /F6 8 0 R Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. initial state.d. gradually rise; gradually riseb. /Type /Catalog endobj a. being able to solve other proble. b/t how people solve insight & non-insight problems. are better at reasoning in generalc. The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ______ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. /dieresis/.notdef/ring/cedilla/.notdef/hungarumlaut/ogonek/caron well- and ill-defined problems. Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi tuna on my line. problem 1 can be solved by b-a-2c and works for all problems however. compared performance with 2 groups and gownd the second group used short we solution for 7 and 8 where only 23 in first group used faster problem =, mental set created by solving proems 1-6 inhibited them from sing the simple solution for 7 and 8 =, newell and simon 1972 saw problems in terms of, conceived the problem solving as involving a sequence of choices of step with each step creating an intermediate state =, initial state, goal state and all intermediate states, all possible configurations of discs on pegs =, according to newell and simon participant has to search the problem space to find a solution and one way to direct the search is to use strategy called, reduce the difference between initial and goal states and is achieved by sbgoals, intermediate states that are closer to the goal, problem solving involved searching for the best possible solution or the one hat creates the least amount of difference =, difficult tp specify a clear goal state many real lief problems, problems that have a correct answer usually procedures when applied will lead to a solution, technique of using the solution to a similar problem to guide solution of a new problem, how people can transfer their experience from solving one problem to solving another similar problem, to study enological transfer participants who are trying to solve a __________ presented with a story or problem called _____ illustrates a way to solve target problem, radiation and cancer tumor - doctor faced with problem o get rid of tumor but can only get rid of it using high intensity radiation but the healthy tissue will be destroyed if use such intensity what do you do, 10% of participants arrived at solution to bombard tumor with number of low intensity rays from different directions which decoyed tumor without damaging tissue the rays are passing through =, specific elements that make up the problem such as the rays and the tumor this makes noticing difficult because people tend to focus on surface features, underlying principle that governs the solution 0 weak rays used to avoid damaging healthy tissue, structural features in tick and holyoak 1980 =, weak rays used to avoid damaging healthy tissue, by making surface features more similar it helps participants notice the relationship between source story and target story =. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because: a.the solution is immediately obvious.b.there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state.c.the goal state is not clearly defined.d.the initial state is not clearly defined. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice. /Name /F10 /Subtype /Type1 To solve this problem, participants needed to tie the pliers to one of the strings to create a .
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