In 1501, the Safavid Shahs declared independence when the Ottomans outlawed Shi'a Islam in their territory. Murder was punishable by death, and the penalty for bodily injuries was invariably the bastinado. The siege of Isfahan was a six-month-long siege of Isfahan, the capital of the Safavid dynasty of Iran, by the Hotaki -led Afghan army. Usually neither Persian nor European authors mention in which language people communicated with each other. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs. Savory, R.; Iran under the Safavids; pp. Mongols and Mamluks were military elites that hailed from the Eurasian Steppe. [83] In turn, many of these transplanted women became wives and concubines of Tahmsp, and the Safavid harem emerged as a competitive, and sometimes lethal, arena of ethnic politics as cliques of Turkmen, Circassian, and Georgian women and courtiers vied with each other for the shahs attention.[83]. They in turn provided for the safety of the travelers, and both Thevenot and Tavernier stressed the safety of traveling in 17th century Iran, and the courtesy and refinement of the policing guards. The Ottoman Turks and Safavids fought over the fertile plains of Iraq for more than 150 years. Sultan Hosein tried to forcibly convert his Afghan subjects in Qandahar from Sunni to Twelverism. 1. It rejected the use of reasoning in deriving verdicts and believed that only the Quran, hadith, (prophetic sayings and recorded opinions of the Imams) and consensus should be used as sources to derive verdicts (fatw). After the capture of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire changed the name to Istanbul and began to expand rapidly thereafter. What remained unchanged, however, was the constant threat of local disaffection with the weak central authority. Seven years later Shah ahmsp II recovered Efahn and ascended the throne, only to be deposed in 1732 by his Afshrid lieutenant Nadr Qol Beg (the future Ndir Shh). Safavid was a gunpowder empire with a great deal of military power. This latest leader would only last until 1534, when he was deposed and executed. Persianization went hand in hand with the popularization of 'mainstream' Shii belief. Economically robust and politically stable, this period saw a flourishing growth of theological sciences. [114], What effectively fully severed Abbas's dependence on the Qizilbash, however, was how he constituted this new army. Roger M. Savory. The original name was just turki, and so a convenient name might be Turki-yi Acemi. Then, having made the point that he would not encourage rivalries even purporting to favor his interests, he felt secure enough to have Murshid Quli Khan assassinated on his own orders in July 1589. According to official Safavid history, before passing away, Ali had designated his young brother Ismail as the spiritual leader of the Safaviyya.[31]. The Safavid Shh Ism'l I . According to traveller Jean Chardin, for example, farmers in Iran had higher living standards than farmers in the most fertile European countries. [194] As Prof. David Blow states, foremost among the courtiers were the old nobility of Turkoman Qizilbash lords and their sons. "afavid Dynasty". . [3] The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by establishing Twelver Shsm as the state religion of Iran, as well as spreading Sha Islam in major parts of the Middle East, Central Asia, Caucasus, Anatolia, the Persian Gulf, and Mesopotamia. Indeed, this had been the situation throughout Persian history, even before the Safavids, ever since the Arab conquest. The Safavid dynasty was one of Iran's most powerful ruling families, ruling from 1501 to 1736. It lasted from March to October 1722 and resulted in the city's fall and the beginning of the end of the Safavid dynasty. It was certainly not homogenousmaybe it was an Azerbaijanian-Ottoman mixed language, as Beltadze (1967:161) states for a translation of the gospels in Georgian script from the 18th century. The Safavid shahs ruled over one of the Gunpowder Empires. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. BACKGROUNDTHE SAFAVID SUFI ORDER. R Savory, "Ebn Bazzaz" in. In August 1514 Isml was seriously defeated at Chldirn by his Sunni rival, the Ottoman sultan Selim I. A dispute arose in the Ottoman Empire over who was to succeed the aged Suleiman the Magnificent. Meeting with little success, Abbs engaged in a major army reform. It seems likely that most, if not all, of the Turkoman grandees at the court also spoke Persian, which was the language of the administration and culture, as well as of the majority of the population. [133] Abbas's attitude, however, was in marked contrast to that of his grandfather, Tahmasp I, who had expelled the English traveller Anthony Jenkinson from his court on hearing he was a Christian. They became rich on the growing trade between Europe and the Islamic civilisations of central Asia and India. Second place was held by fencing, where the wrist had to be firm but flexible and movements agile. At its zenith, during the long reign of Shah Abbas I, the empire's reach comprised Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Bahrain, and parts of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Turkey. However by this period the Empire was disintegrating, and for the next two centuries it lay in decay. The rise of the Pahlavis (1925 -79) saw the reaffirmation of a strong central authority in Iran and the re-emergence of the dynastic principle. Most of the extant poetry of Shah Ismail I is in Azerbaijani pen-name of Khatai. Moreover, he began to strengthen Shii practice by such things as forbidding in the new capital of Qazvin poetry and music which did not esteem Ali and the Twelve Imams. In 1503, the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti were made his vassals as well. [194], During the first century of the dynasty, the primary court language remained Azeri,[189] although this increasingly changed after the capital was moved to Isfahan. Suleiman's favourite wife, Hrrem Sultan, was eager for her son, Selim, to become the next sultan. Robbers had their right wrists amputated the first time, and sentenced to death on any subsequent occasion. The Safavid Empire (1501-1722) . Although in those campaigns (and in 1554) the Ottomans captured Tabriz, they lacked a communications line sufficient to occupy it for long. Abbas I first fought the Uzbeks, recapturing Herat and Mashhad in 1598. Shah Abbas, who significantly enlargened and completed this program and under whom the creation of this new layer in society may be mentioned as fully "finalized", completed the ghulam system as well. The Safavid Empire began in 1501 BC when the Safavid leader Esma'il conquered Persia. Their reign is widely regarded as the start of modern Iranian history, as well as one of . [192], The only field within medicine where some progress were made was pharmacology, with the compilement of the "Tibb-e Shifai" in 1556. 378. During the Safavid period Azerbaijani Turkish, or, as it was also referred to at that time, Qizilbash Turkish, occupied an important place in society, and it was spoken both atcourt and by the common people. This meant that even the Prime Minister, who held the highest office in the state, had to work in association with the Nazir when it came to managing those transactions that directly related to the Shah.[190]. For example, soldiers or higher ranked military personnel a social class developed, which is called the warrior aristocracy. The Safavid and Ottoman empires are usually compared because of the wars that broke . Immediately after Nader Shah's assassination in 1747 and the disintegration of his short-lived empire, the Safavids were re-appointed as shahs of Iran in order to lend legitimacy to the nascent Zand dynasty. [95] Mohammad would rule for 10 years, and his sister at first dominated the court, but she fell in the first of many intrigues which continued even though the Uzbeks and Ottomans again used the opportunity to threaten Safavid territory. Although no one could have bristled more at the power grab of his "mentor" Murshid Quli Khan, he rounded up the leaders of a plot to assassinate the wakl and had them executed. Their patronage, which included opening royal workshops for artists, created a favourable climate for the development of art. Mir Damad is considered the founder of this school. The Chief architect of this colossal task of urban planning was Shaykh Bahai (Baha' ad-Din al-`Amili), who focused the programme on two key features of Shah Abbas's master plan: the Chahar Bagh avenue, flanked at either side by all the prominent institutions of the city, such as the residences of all foreign dignitaries. Daggers were worn at the waist. It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia, All other religions, and forms of Islam were suppressed, The Empire's economic strength came from its location on the trade routes, The capital, Isfahan, is one of the most beautiful cities in the world, The Empire declined when it became complacent and corrupt. Although the first slave soldiers would not be organized until the reign of Abbas I, during Tahmsp's time Caucasians would already become important members of the royal household, Harem and in the civil and military administration,[86][87] and by that becoming their way of eventually becoming an integral part of the society. The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I ( CC BY-SA 4.0) The Safavids were a dynastic family that ruled over modern-day Iran. Iran weakened appreciably during the reign of Ismls eldest son, Shah ahmsp I (152476), and persistent and unopposed Turkmen forays into the country increased under his incompetent successors. Sons of nobles were considered for the succession of their fathers as a mark of respect, but they had to prove themselves worthy of the position. From 1553 for forty years the shah was able to avoid being ensnared in tribal treacheries. [96], The amirs demanded that she be removed, and Mahd-i Ulya was strangled in the harem in July 1579 on the ground of an alleged affair with the brother of the Crimean khan, Adil Giray,[96] who was captured during the 15781590 Ottoman war and held captive in the capital, Qazvin. The Qizilbash were a wide variety of Shii Muslims (ghult) and mostly Turcoman militant groups who helped found the Safavid Empire. Sir E. Denison Ross, Sir Anthony Sherley and his Persian Adventure, pp. Power was shifting to the new class of Caucasian deportees and imports, many of the hundreds of thousands ethnic Georgians, Circassians, and Armenians. He blamed this on misgovernment, the sparse population of the country, and lack of appreciation of agriculture amongst the Persians.
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